https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29809091 Cholangiocarcinoma

Glob Health Promot. 2018 May 1:1757975918767622. doi: 10.1177/1757975918767622. [Epub ahead of print]

Analysis of a school-based health education model to prevent opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma in primary school children in northeast Thailand.

Laithavewat L1,2, Grundy-Warr C3, Khuntikeo N1, Andrews RH1,4, Petney TN1,5, Yongvanit P1, Banchonhattakit P1, Sithithaworn P1.

Abstract
Infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the major causative factor inducing cholangiocarcinoma in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia. Northeast Thailand has the highest incidence of this cancer worldwide leading to about 20,000 deaths every year. Infection with the liver fluke comes from eating raw or undercooked fish, a tradition in this area that can potentially be countered by education programs at school level. Here we develop a school-based health education model, based on protection motivation theory (PMT), including module design, learning materials, student activities, and capacity building amongst teachers. This education program was applied and tested in primary school to pupils (9-13 years) in Khon Kaen province, northeast Thailand. Using a randomized control trial, four schools served as intervention groups ( n = 118 pupils) and another four acted as controls ( n = 113 pupils). Based on PMT constructs, we found that the pupils in the intervention group had significantly greater knowledge and perceived the severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy parameters concerning the dangers of eating raw fish and of developing cholangiocarcinoma than those in the control schools ( p < 0.05). All of the PMT constructs measured were significantly intercorrelated with each other ( p < 0.001). At the same time, some background knowledge, from community-based education programs, was present in the control schools. The result from this initial study suggests that PMT can be used to predict protective attitude as well as behavior changes in evaluating the consequence of school health intervention programs.